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Ludwig Hermann Karl Hahn (23 January 1908 – 10 November 1986) was a Germans SS- Standartenführer, Nazi official and convicted war criminal. He held numerous positions with the Nazi Germany police and security services (RSHA) over the course of his career with the Schutzstaffel (SS).
As a senior officer of the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police; SiPo) and Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service; SD) in occupied-Poland, Hahn was directly involved in the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto (July–September 1942) and the brutal suppression of both the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (April–May 1943) and the Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944).
During postwar investigations against him, Hahn was imprisoned from July 1960 to July 1961 and December 1965 to December 1967. Between 1972 and 1975, Hahn was the subject of two separate war crimes prosecutions in Hamburg, West Germany; both related to atrocities that occurred during his service with the SS in Warsaw. He was ultimately convicted and imprisoned from 1975 to 1983.
After successfully defending his dissertation before the Faculty of Law at the University of Jena, Hahn obtained his doctorate of jurisprudence (Dr. jur.) in July 1932. Afterward, Hahn apprenticed as an assessor in Lüneburg, Naumburg and Weimar. In April 1933, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS Nr. 65 823) and was assigned to the 17th SS-Standarte (regiment) in Lüneburg and later transferred to the 26th SS-Standarte in Hamburg.
Hahn began his career with the Nazi security services in June 1935 when he was retained as a consultant ( Referent) at the SD-Hauptamt in Berlin. In January 1936, he was posted to Hanover where he served as Deputy Chief of the city's Gestapo bureau ( Stellvertreter Staatspolizeistelle), before returning to Berlin in November of that year to work as a legal advisor ( Regierungsassessor) at Gestapo Headquarters. Hahn underwent Basic training with the Wehrmacht in Frankfurt an der Oder and was subsequently reassigned to Weimar as Chief of the Gestapo ( Kriminalkommissar) and Deputy Commander of the Security Police ( Stellvertreter der Polizeipräsident). Hahn maintained both positions from April 1937 to August 1939. He was promoted to the rank of SS- Sturmbannführer (major) und Kriminalrat in September 1938.
During the build-up to World War II he was transferred to Vienna, Austria in preparation for the looming invasion of Poland. He was assigned to Einsatzgruppen under the command of SS- Brigadeführer Bruno Streckenbach, and was given command of the sub-unit of Einsatzkommando 1/I. During the invasion of Poland in September 1939, Hahn and his unit were attached to the German 14th Army in the territories of Silesia and Lesser Poland.
Following the dissolution of Einsatzgruppe I, Hahn served as Stadtkommissar (City Commissioner) for the city of Przemyśl (Prömsel) from November–December 1939. Hahn next took over as Kommandeur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (KdS) for the occupied city of Kraków in January 1940. He also served as chief of the "Police Emergency Court" ( Standgericht) at Montelupich Prison. In this capacity Hahn was instrumental in the implementation of the German AB-Aktion in Poland.
In August 1940, Hahn was transferred to Bratislava, Slovakia where he had been appointed Sonderbeauftragter (Special Representative) of the Reichsführer-SS. In this position Hahn served as SS leader Heinrich Himmler personal emissary to the Axis Powers government of the Slovak Republic under Jozef Tiso. He also acted as a senior advisor to the Slovak Ministry of the Interior. From April–June 1941 Hahn was stationed in Athens, Greece where he commanded Einsatzgruppe Griechenland during the Balkan Campaign. Following the German victory in the offensive, he was promoted to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) and returned to his diplomatic post in Slovakia.Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk, "Vom Massenmörder zum Lebensversicherer. Dr. Ludwig Hahn und die Mühlen der deutschen Justiz", Andrej Angrick, Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.), Die Gestapo nach 1945. Karrieren, Konflikte, Konstruktionen, Darmstadt 2009, p. 136
During his tenure, Hahn was directly involved in the planning and implementation of the Holocaust in Poland. In the summer of 1942, Hahn collaborated with SS- Brigadeführer Odilo Globocnik and other personnel associated with Operation Reinhard to carry out Grossaktion Warschau, the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto. An estimated 265,000 Polish Jews perished between July–September 1942, either in mass-executions carried out by the SS or following their deportation to the extermination camp at Treblinka. This was the single deadliest action taken against the Jews in the course of the Holocaust in occupied-Poland.
As a deputy officer to SS and Police Leader Jürgen Stroop, Hahn also had a leading role in the bloody suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April–May 1943. The brutal pacification of the ghetto by the SS resulted in the deaths of 13,000 Jews either killed in the fighting or executed. In the aftermath of the uprising, Hahn orchestrated the deportation of another 36,000 Jews from Warsaw to the death camps of Treblinka and Majdanek. On 2 February 1944, Hahn would organize the public execution of 300 Polish civilian hostages in reprisal for the assassination of SS and Police Leader Franz Kutschera by members of the Kedyw. In April 1944, he was promoted to the rank of SS- Standartenführer (colonel) und Kriminaldirektor. Hahn would also receive the further title of Oberst Ordnungspolizei.
During the August–October 1944 Warsaw Uprising by the Polish Home Army, Hahn served with the Waffen-SS, leading a battalion of 700 men in the southern districts of the city and later in the downtown area. He also personally commanded the defense of Warsaw’s heavily fortified government district. Acting on instructions from Himmler, Hahn ordered the mass-killing of Polish civilians in retaliation for the rebellion. An estimated 5 to 10 thousand men, women and children were shot by the SS, mainly in the ruins of the former General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces. Following the capitulation of the uprising, Hahn supervised the deployment of the Verbrennungskommando (Cremation Details); groups of Polish prisoners forced to work clearing bodies and debris from the city's streets. Hahn was awarded the Iron Cross for his service during the uprising.
Hahn was next appointed KdS for the city of Wiesbaden in March 1945. However, he was quickly displaced from this position when the city fell to the Allies and was instead dispatched to Münster, where he took over as KdS for Gau Westphalia-North. Hahn was also tasked with overseeing the security detail for Gauleiter Alfred Meyer. During the closing weeks of the war, Hahn and his staff fled to Hessisch-Oldendorf to escape the Allied advance. He was taken prisoner by the British Army on 12 April 1945 but successfully escaped from custody shortly afterward.
Afterward, Hahn would go on to pursue a successful postwar career as an insurance broker in West Germany. In 1951 his father-in-law arranged for him to take a position as Deputy Director for Organizational Matters with the Hanover branch of Karlsruher Lebensversicherung A.G. He rose to the office of Branch Manager in 1955. Hahn and his family relocated to Hamburg in 1958 where he had been hired as head of the life insurance division of Hans Rudolf Schmidt & Co. GmbH. The family settled in a comfortable home in the borough of Bahrenfeld.
It was not until May 1972 that Hahn was successfully charged with war crimes by the Higher Regional Court of Hamburg. The now 65-year-old Hahn was found guilty in connection with wartime atrocities committed at the Pawiak in Warsaw, namely the execution of 100 Polish political prisoners who were shot on his orders on 21 July 1944. Hahn was sentenced to 12 years in prison in June 1973 but petitioned the court for an Legal appeal of the verdict. After a two-year review of the trial and the evidence, Hahn's appeal was rejected by the West German judiciary and he entered prison in March 1975.
During the appeals process, Hahn was also on trial in a different West German court; this case surrounded his alleged role in the deportation of an estimated 230,000 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to Treblinka. The proceedings opened in October 1974, and Hahn was once more found guilty. On 4 July 1975, he was given a further sentence of life imprisonment. Suffering from cancer, Hahn was granted early release from prison in September 1983. He died in Ammersbek on 10 November 1986.Dan Kurzman, The Bravest Battle: The Twenty-eight Days Of The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Da Capo Press, 2009, p. 346
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